Introduction
Forensic science is a fascinating and essential field that bridges science and law, providing critical insights to solve crimes and uphold justice. Whether you’re a student starting out in this dynamic discipline, a professional brushing up on the basics, or preparing for entrance exams, having a solid foundation in forensic science is indispensable.
This blog post, titled “100+ Essential MCQs to Test Your Knowledge of Basic Forensics,” is designed to help beginners understand the foundational concepts of forensic science. It offers a practical approach to learning, covering key topics such as evidence analysis, forensic techniques, and the legal standards that govern their admissibility in court. By exploring important legal cases like Frye v. United States and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, you’ll gain insights into how forensic evidence is evaluated and applied in real-world scenarios.
From DNA profiling to ballistic comparisons and the use of statistics in evidence evaluation, this collection of MCQs provides an engaging way to strengthen your knowledge. Perfect for exam preparation or a quick refresher, these questions will help you build confidence and ensure you’re well-equipped to tackle both theoretical and practical aspects of forensic science.
MCQs
1. What is the primary focus of forensic science in the context of criminal law?
a) Developing new scientific theories
b) Establishing the guilt or innocence of a suspect
c) Creating new laws
d) Educating the public about science
2. Which case established the general acceptance test for scientific evidence?
a) Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
b) Frye v. United States
c) Kumho Tire v. Carmichael
d) General Electric v. Joiner
3. What legal standard is often used to determine the admissibility of forensic evidence in court?
a) The Daubert Standard
b) The Frye Standard
c) Both A and B
d) The Miranda Rule
4. What is the primary goal of forensic evidence in criminal trials?
a) To entertain the jury
b) To provide factual material that can be used as evidence
c) To replace eyewitness testimony
d) To confuse the defense
5. What is the term used to describe the application of scientific methods to solve crimes?
a) Forensic anthropology
b) Forensic science
c) Forensic psychology
d) Forensic odontology
6. What is the primary tool used in traditional hair analysis?
a) DNA sequencing
b) Comparison microscope
c) Mass spectrometer
d) Gas chromatography
7. Which type of DNA is increasingly used in hair analysis?
a) Nuclear DNA
b) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNa)
c) Ribosomal DNA
d) Both a&b
8. What are the two broad categories of fibers?
a) Natural and synthetic
b) Organic and inorganic
c) Animal and vegetable
d) Primary and secondary
9. Which forensic database is used for fiber analysis?
a) CODIS
b) AFIS
c) DRUGFIRE
d) SWGMAT
10. What is the primary focus of internal ballistics?
a) The flight of the projectile
b) The effect of the projectile on the target
c) The marks made on the projectile as it passes through the barrel
d) The manufacturing process of the firearm
11. Which system is used for digitalizing striation and other markings on spent bullets and shell casings?
a) CODIS
b) AFIS
c) DRUGFIRE
d) NIBIN
12. What is the focus of forensic anthropology?
a) Analyzing chemical substances
b) Identifying human remains and estimating time of death
c) Studying insect species
d) Measuring environmental pollution
13. What is the primary use of forensic entomology?
a) To study the behavior of animals
b) To determine the time of death based on insect activity
c) To analyze plant DNA
d) To measure soil composition
14. What is the main challenge in the forensic examination of fibers, as noted in the 14th Interpol Forensic Science Symposium Review?
a) Lack of advanced technology
b) Contamination and interpretation of fiber evidence
c) Insufficient training of forensic scientists
d) Limited availability of fiber samples
15. In the context of forensic science, what does the term “class characteristics” refer to?
a) Unique features that can identify a specific individual
b) General features that can place an item into a broad category
c) The process of collecting evidence at a crime scene
d) The statistical analysis of forensic data
16. What is the primary method used in the forensic analysis of hair?
a) DNA sequencing
b) Microscopy
c) Chemical analysis
d) Spectroscopy
17. What is the main advantage of using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNa) in hair analysis?
a) It can provide a positive identification
b) It is less expensive than nuclear DNA analysis
c) It can be used when hair root cells are not available
d) It is faster than traditional microscopy
18. What is the significance of the Wayne Williams case in the context of fiber analysis?
a) It was the first case to use fiber analysis in court
b) It demonstrated the use of fiber analysis to link multiple victims to a suspect
c) It introduced the concept of fiber persistence
d) It was the first case to use digital imaging for fiber analysis
19. What is the main issue with the reliability of gunshot residue (GSR) tests, as noted in the 14th Interpol Forensic Science Symposium Review?
a) Lack of standardized testing procedures
b) High cost of testing
c) Difficulty in collecting samples
d) Controversy over the number of particles needed to confirm the presence of GSR
20. Which principle states that “every contact leaves a trace”?
a) Principle of Individuality
b) Principle of Exchange
c) Principle of Comparison
d) Principle of Analysis
21. What is the primary purpose of a forensic autopsy?
a) To determine the cause and manner of death
b) To identify the victim
c) To collect DNA samples
d) To document injuries
22. Which of the following is used to analyze DNA samples in forensic science?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Mass Spectrometry
c) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
d) Infrared Spectroscopy
23. What is the main function of a forensic toxicologist?
a) To analyze bloodstains
b) To examine digital evidence
c) To detect and identify drugs and poisons in biological samples
d) To analyze handwriting samples
24. Which type of evidence is considered the most reliable in forensic investigations?
a) Eyewitness testimony
b) Circumstantial evidence
c) Physical evidence
d) Hearsay evidence
25. What is the study of fingerprints called?
a) Odontology
b) Entomology
c) Dactyloscopy
d) Serology
26. Which forensic technique is used to determine the time of death by examining insect activity on a corpse?
a) Forensic Anthropology
b) Forensic Entomology
c) Forensic Odontology
d) Forensic Toxicology
27. What is the purpose of a chain of custody in forensic science?
a) To ensure the evidence is properly analyzed
b) To maintain the integrity and traceability of evidence
c) To document the crime scene
d) To identify the suspect
28. Which of the following is a non-destructive technique used to analyze the chemical composition of materials?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Thin Layer Chromatography
29. What is the primary role of a forensic pathologist?
a) To analyze digital evidence
b) To perform autopsies and determine the cause of death
c) To examine handwriting samples
d) To analyze bloodstains
30. Which type of forensic analysis is used to compare bullets and cartridge cases to firearms?
a) Forensic Toxicology
b) Forensic Ballistics
c) Forensic Anthropology
d) Forensic Odontology
31. What is the main purpose of forensic odontology?
a) To analyze bloodstains
b) To identify individuals based on dental records
c) To examine digital evidence
d) To analyze handwriting samples
32. Which of the following is a common method for developing latent fingerprints?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Ninhydrin
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Infrared Spectroscopy
33. What is the primary function of a forensic document examiner?
a) To analyze bloodstains
b) To examine and authenticate questioned documents
c) To analyze digital evidence
d) To perform autopsies
34. Which forensic technique is used to analyze the unique patterns in a person’s DNA?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Mass Spectrometry
c) DNA Profiling
d) Infrared Spectroscopy
35. Which of the following is used to detect the presence of blood at a crime scene?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Luminol
c) Cyanoacrylate
d) Iodine fuming
36. Which of the following is a method used to analyze gunshot residue?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Thin Layer Chromatography
37. What is the study of handwriting and signatures called?
a) Dactyloscopy
b) Graphology
c) Serology
d) Entomology
38. Which type of evidence is considered the most subjective in forensic investigations?
a) DNA evidence
b) Fingerprint evidence
c) Eyewitness testimony
d) Bloodstain pattern analysis
39. Which of the following is a technique used to visualize latent fingerprints on porous surfaces?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) Luminol
d) Iodine fuming
40. Which of the following is a method used to analyze the chemical composition of paint samples?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Thin Layer Chromatography
41. Which type of forensic analysis is used to compare tire tread impressions?
a) Forensic Toxicology
b) Forensic Ballistics
c) Forensic Odontology
d) Forensic Tire Impression Analysis
42. What is the main purpose of forensic serology?
a) To analyze bloodstains and other bodily fluids for the presence of specific markers
b) To identify individuals based on dental records
c) To examine digital evidence
d) To analyze handwriting samples
43. Which of the following is a common method for developing latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Cyanoacrylate Fuming
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Infrared Spectroscopy
44. Which forensic technique is used to analyze the unique patterns in a person’s iris?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Mass Spectrometry
c) Iris Recognition
d) Infrared Spectroscopy
45. Which of the following is used to determine the presence of semen in forensic investigations?
a) Luminol
b) Acid Phosphatase Test
c) Cyanoacrylate
d) Iodine fuming
46. What is the primary purpose of forensic palynology?
a) To analyze bloodstains
b) To study pollen and spores to link objects or persons to specific locations
c) To estimate the time of death based on insect activity
d) To examine digital evidence
47. Which of the following is a method used to analyze fibers?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
c) Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)
d) Thin Layer Chromatography
48. What is the study of the effects of poisons on the human body called?
a) Forensic Odontology
b) Forensic Entomology
c) Forensic Toxicology
d) Forensic Anthropology
49. Which of the following is a method used to analyze the chemical composition of soil samples?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Thin Layer Chromatography
50. Which type of forensic analysis is used to compare shoe impressions?
a) Forensic Toxicology
b) Forensic Ballistics
c) Forensic Odontology
d) Forensic Footwear Analysis
51. Which of the following is a common method for developing latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) Cyanoacrylate Fuming
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Infrared Spectroscopy
52. Which of the following is used to detect the presence of drugs in a biological sample?
a) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) Luminol
d) Iodine fuming
53. Which of the following is a method used to analyze the chemical composition of glass fragments?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Thin Layer Chromatography
54. Which type of evidence is used to establish a link between a suspect and a crime scene?
a) Circumstantial evidence
b) Direct evidence
c) Physical evidence
d) Hearsay evidence
55. Which of the following is a method used to preserve biological evidence?
a) Freezing
b) Heating
c) Drying
d) Burning
56. Which of the following is a technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures?
a) Gas Chromatography
b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
c) Mass Spectrometry
d) Thin Layer Chromatography
57. Who is considered the father of modern forensic science?
a) Alphonse Bertillon
b) Sir Alec Jeffreys
c) Hans Gross
58. Which of the following is NOT a type of forensic evidence?
a) DNA
b) Fingerprints
c) Paint
d) Fictional stories
59. What is the significance of the “Locard Exchange Principle”?
a) It states that criminals always leave a photograph at the crime scene
b) It posits that when two things come into contact, information is exchanged
c) It suggests that all crimes are committed by the same person
d) It claims that forensic evidence is always visible to the naked eye
60. Which type of DNA is used in forensic science for personal identification?
a) Nuclear DNA
b) Mitochondrial DNA
c) Both A and B
d) Neither A nor B
61. What is the role of the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)?
a) To store and search fingerprint records
b) To create new fingerprint patterns
c) To destroy old fingerprint records
d) To entertain the public with fingerprint art
62. Which of the following is a common method used to analyze fibers in forensic science?
a) Visual examination
b) Chemical analysis
c) Instrumental analysis
d) All of the above
63. What is the significance of the Combined DNA Information System (CODIS)?
a) It is a database for storing and searching DNA profiles
b) It is a system for creating new DNA sequences
c) It is a method for destroying old DNA samples
d) It is a public entertainment system
64. Who is known for establishing the first police crime laboratory?
a) Alphonse Bertillon
b) Hans Gross
c) Edmund Locard
d) Sir Alec Jeffreys
65. Which forensic pioneer is credited with developing the first comprehensive text that promotes the use of science and microscopy to solve crimes?
a) Alphonse Bertillon
b) Hans Gross
c) Francis Galton
d) Karl Landsteiner
66. Which forensic scientist is known for the development of the comparison microscope for use in bullet comparison?
a) Calvin Goddard
b) Hans Gross
c) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Francis Galton
67. Who published the first text on the nature of fingerprints and their use as a forensic method?
a) Henry Faulds
b) William Herschel
c) Francis Galton
d) Sir Edward Richard Henry
68. Which forensic pioneer is known for the development of anthropometry, a system of body measurements used for identification?
a) Alphonse Bertillon
b) Hans Gross
c) Edmund Locard
d) Karl Landsteiner
69. Who discovered the ABO blood group system, which became the basis for nearly all subsequent forensic blood work?
a) Karl Landsteiner
b) Hans Gross
c) Francis Galton
d) Alphonse Bertillon
70. Which forensic scientist is known for his work in developing the first DNA profiling test?
a) Sir Alec Jeffreys
b) Karl Landsteiner
c) Hans Gross
d) Alphonse Bertillon
71. Who is credited with the first forensic bullet comparison, which implicated a butler who faked a burglary to commit murder?
a) Henry Goddard
b) Hans Gross
c) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Edmund Locard
72. Which forensic pioneer established the first detective force, the Sûreté of Paris?
a) Alphonse Bertillon
c) Hans Gross
d) Edmund Locard
73. What is the primary function of a forensic science laboratory?
a) To entertain the public
b) To analyze evidence from criminal and civil cases
c) To create new laws
d) To manage public relations
74. Which federal agency operates one of the most famous forensic science laboratories in the world?
a) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEa)
b) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
c) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
d) United States Secret Service
75. What is the role of the Evidence Unit in a forensic science laboratory?
a) To conduct DNA analysis
b) To manage and store evidence securely
c) To perform autopsies
d) To provide expert testimony in court
76. Which of the following is NOT typically a section found in a full-service forensic science laboratory?
a) Biology/DNA
b) Firearms and Tool Marks
c) Toxicology
d) Marketing and Sales
77. What is the purpose of the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) in a forensic science laboratory?
a) To entertain the public
b) To keep track of evidence and information about analyses
c) To create new laws
d) To manage public relations
78. Which organization is responsible for accrediting forensic science laboratories in the United States?
a) American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLd)
b) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
c) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEa)
d) United States Secret Service
79. What is the main purpose of accreditation for forensic science laboratories?
a) To ensure the laboratory meets certain quality standards
b) To entertain the public
c) To create new laws
d) To manage public relations
80. Which section of a forensic science laboratory is responsible for analyzing body fluids and tissues for toxic substances?
a) Biology/DNA
b) Firearms and Tool Marks
c) Toxicology
d) Questioned Documents
81. What is the role of the Forensic Services Division (FSd) Laboratory of the United States Secret Service?
a) To analyze questioned documents, fingerprints, and false identification
b) To conduct DNA analysis
c) To perform autopsies
d) To manage public relations
82. Which forensic science laboratory is known for its expertise in fire scene analysis and explosives?
a) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory
b) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEa) Laboratory
c) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Laboratory
d) United States Secret Service Laboratory
83. Who is credited with the first systematic use of fingerprints for identification in the United States?
a) Alphonse Bertillon
b) John K. Ferrier
c) Sir Edward Richard Henry
d) Sir Alec Jeffreys
84. Which of the following is NOT a main class of fingerprint patterns?
a) Loops
b) Arches
c) Whorls
d) Spirals
85. What is the primary purpose of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)?
a) To entertain the public
b) To store and search digitized fingerprints
c) To create new laws
d) To manage public relations
86. Which fingerprint pattern is characterized by ridges entering from one side, curving back on themselves, and exiting on the same side?
a) Loop
b) Arch
c) Whorl
d) Spiral
87. What is the term used for the point of divergence in a loop fingerprint pattern?
a) Core
b) Delta
c) Ridge
d) Minutiae
88. Which type of fingerprint is not visible to the naked eye and requires some form of assistance to be made visible?
a) Patent print
b) Latent print
c) Plastic print
d) Inked print
89. What is the main advantage of using a comparison microscope in fingerprint analysis?
a) It is cheaper than other microscopes
b) It allows side-by-side, point-by-point comparison of prints
c) It is portable and easy to use in the field
d) It can store fingerprints digitally
90. Which fingerprint pattern is the rarest among the three main classes?
a) Loop
b) Arch
c) Whorl
d) Spiral
91. What is the significance of minutiae in fingerprint analysis?
a) They determine the color of the fingerprint
b) They are the unique ridge characteristics used for identification
c) They indicate the age of the fingerprint
d) They are used to classify fingerprints into main classes
92. Which organization developed the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)?
a) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEa)
b) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
c) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
d) United States Secret Service
93. What is the primary role of statistics in forensic science?
a) To collect physical evidence from crime scenes
b) To interpret and evaluate evidence with a focus on uncertainty
c) To conduct DNA sequencing
d) To interview witnesses
94. What is the purpose of using regression analysis in forensic science?
a) To classify data into categories
b) To find the relationship between variables
c) To calculate the mean and standard deviation
d) To create histograms
95. Which statistical method is used to measure the ‘weight’ of evidence in forensic science?
a) Mean and standard deviation
b) Likelihood ratio
c) Regression analysis
d) Chi-squared test
96. In the context of forensic science, what is the purpose of evidence evaluation?
a) To collect evidence from a crime scene
b) To interpret observations and determine their significance
c) To conduct laboratory experiments
d) To write forensic reports
97. Which statistical method is commonly used to assess the worth of observations in forensic science?
a) Mean and standard deviation
b) Likelihood ratio
c) Regression analysis
d) Chi-squared test
98. How does regression analysis benefit forensic scientists?
a) It helps classify evidence into categories.
b) It finds the relationship between different variables.
c) It calculates the mean and standard deviation of evidence.
d) It creates histograms of evidence data.
99. What is the significance of using Bayesian methods in forensic science?
a) They provide a way to classify evidence.
b) They allow for the calculation of long-run frequencies.
c) They enable the incorporation of prior knowledge and subjective probabilities.
d) They are used to create histograms.
100. What type of data is typically analyzed in forensic science to determine the concentration of substances like THC in marijuana?
a) Nominal data
b) Ordinal data
c) Continuous data
d) Binary data
101. Why is the concept of uncertainty important in forensic science?
a) It helps in the collection of evidence.
b) It ensures that all evidence is treated as equally reliable.
c) It acknowledges that real observations are subject to variability and error.
d) It simplifies the interpretation of evidence.
102. What is the role of a histogram in forensic data analysis?
a) To display the relationship between two variables
b) To show the frequency distribution of a dataset
c) To calculate the mean of a dataset
d) To determine the standard deviation of a dataset
103. How does the use of statistical methods improve the reliability of forensic evidence?
a) By eliminating all uncertainties
b) By providing a structured approach to evaluate and interpret data
c) By ensuring that all evidence is treated as equally reliable
d) By simplifying the collection of evidence
104. What is the significance of the uniformitarian assumption in forensic statistics?
a) It assumes that processes observed in the present will not change in the future.
b) It assumes that processes observed in the present will have been in operation in the past and will continue in the future.
c) It assumes that all data is normally distributed.
d) It assumes that all data is discrete.
105. Which of the following is a verbal statement of evidential value?
a) “The evidence is conclusive.”
b) “The evidence is highly probable.”
c) “The evidence is moderately strong.”
d) “The evidence is weak.”
106. What is the significance of a likelihood ratio in evidence evaluation?
a) It measures the probability of evidence being true.
b) It compares the probability of evidence under two competing hypotheses.
c) It calculates the mean and standard deviation of evidence.
d) It creates histograms of evidence data.
107. In the context of evidence evaluation, what does a high likelihood ratio indicate?
a) The evidence is equally likely under both hypotheses.
b) The evidence strongly supports the prosecution’s hypothesis.
c) The evidence strongly supports the defense’s hypothesis.
d) The evidence is inconclusive.
108. What is the role of significance testing in evidence evaluation?
a) To determine the relationship between variables
b) To assess the strength of evidence
c) To classify evidence into categories
d) To create histograms of evidence data
109. Which of the following is an example of a conditional probability in forensic evidence evaluation?
a) The probability of finding a fingerprint at a crime scene
b) The probability of a suspect being guilty given the evidence
c) The probability of a witness testifying
d) The probability of a crime occurring
110. How does Bayes’ theorem apply to evidence evaluation in forensic science?
a) It calculates the mean and standard deviation of evidence.
b) It updates the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence.
c) It creates histograms of evidence data.
d) It measures the relationship between variables.
111. What is the importance of formulating propositions in evidence evaluation?
a) To collect evidence from a crime scene
b) To create a structured framework for evaluating evidence
c) To conduct DNA sequencing
d) To interview witnesses
112. Which of the following is a common criticism of statistical approaches in evidence evaluation?
a) They are too subjective.
b) They are too complex for practical use.
c) They rely too heavily on prior probabilities.
d) They do not account for uncertainty.
113. In evidence evaluation, what does the term “relevance” refer to?
a) The accuracy of the evidence
b) The significance of the evidence in supporting or refuting a hypothesis
c) The method used to collect the evidence
d) The reliability of the evidence
Answers
1. b) Establishing the guilt or innocence of a suspect
2. b) Frye v. United States
3. c) Both A and B
4. b) To provide factual material that can be used as evidence
5. b) Forensic science
6. b) Comparison microscope
7. b) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNa)
8. a) Natural and synthetic
9. d) SWGMAT
10. c) The marks made on the projectile as it passes through the barrel
11. d) NIBIN
12. b) Identifying human remains and estimating time of death
13. b) To determine the time of death based on insect activity
14. b) Contamination and interpretation of fiber evidence
15. b) General features that can place an item into a broad category
16. b) Microscopy
17. c) It can be used when hair root cells are not available
18. b) It demonstrated the use of fiber analysis to link multiple victims to a suspect
19. d) Controversy over the number of particles needed to confirm the presence of GSR
20. b) Principle of Exchange
21. a) To determine the cause and manner of death
22. c) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
23. c) To detect and identify drugs and poisons in biological samples
24. c) Physical evidence
25. c) Dactyloscopy
26. b) Forensic Entomology
27. b) To maintain the integrity and traceability of evidence
28. b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
29. b) To perform autopsies and determine the cause of death
30. b) Forensic Ballistics
31. b) To identify individuals based on dental records
32. b) Ninhydrin
33. b) To examine and authenticate questioned documents
34. c) DNA Profiling
35. b) Luminol
36. b) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
37. b) Graphology
38. c) Eyewitness testimony
39. a) Ninhydrin
40. b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
41. d) Forensic Tire Impression Analysis
42. a) To analyze bloodstains and other bodily fluids for the presence of specific markers
43. b) Cyanoacrylate Fuming
44. c) Iris Recognition
45. b) Acid Phosphatase Test
46. b) To study pollen and spores to link objects or persons to specific locations
47. c) Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM)
48. c) Forensic Toxicology
49. b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
50. d) Forensic Footwear Analysis
51. b) Cyanoacrylate Fuming
52. a) Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
53. b) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
54. c) Physical evidence
55. a) Freezing
56. a) Gas Chromatography
57. d) Edmund Locard
58. d) Fictional stories
59. b) It posits that when two things come into contact, information is exchanged
60. c) Both A and B
61. a) To store and search fingerprint records
62. d) All of the above
63. a) It is a database for storing and searching DNA profiles
64. c) Edmund Locard
65. b) Hans Gross
66. a) Calvin Goddard
67. c) Francis Galton
68. a) Alphonse Bertillon
69. a) Karl Landsteiner
70. a) Sir Alec Jeffreys
71. a) Henry Goddard
72. b) Eugène François Vidocq
73. b) To analyze evidence from criminal and civil cases
74. b) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
75. b) To manage and store evidence securely
76. d) Marketing and Sales
77. b) To keep track of evidence and information about analyses
78. a) American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLd)
79. a) To ensure the laboratory meets certain quality standards
80. c) Toxicology
81. a) To analyze questioned documents, fingerprints, and false identification
82. c) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) Laboratory
83. b) John K. Ferrier
84. d) Spirals
85. b) To store and search digitized fingerprints
86. a) Loop
87. b) Delta
88. b) Latent print
89. b) It allows side-by-side, point-by-point comparison of prints
90. b) Arch
91. b) They are the unique ridge characteristics used for identification
92. b) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
93. b) To interpret and evaluate evidence with a focus on uncertainty
94. b) To find the relationship between variables
95. b) Likelihood ratio
96. b) To interpret observations and determine their significance
97. b) Likelihood ratio
98. b) It finds the relationship between different variables
99. c) They enable the incorporation of prior knowledge and subjective probabilities
100. c) Continuous data
101. c) It acknowledges that real observations are subject to variability and error
102. b) To show the frequency distribution of a dataset
103. b) By providing a structured approach to evaluate and interpret data
104. b) It assumes that processes observed in the present will have been in operation in the past and will continue in the future
105. c) “The evidence is moderately strong.”
106. b) It compares the probability of evidence under two competing hypotheses
107. b) The evidence strongly supports the prosecution’s hypothesis
108. b) To assess the strength of evidence
109. b) The probability of a suspect being guilty given the evidence
110. b) It updates the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence
111. b) To create a structured framework for evaluating evidence
112. c) They rely too heavily on prior probabilities
113. b) The significance of the evidence in supporting or refuting a hypothesis
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