•Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance taken from the seed pod of the various opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum) plant.
•Heroin is usually used as an illegal drug of abuse.
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Detecting and identifying body fluids at a crime scene can provide essential information about a crime or incident and the people involved. Like other physical flood forensic experts or scientists may be asked to recognize the presence of urine in cases such as harassment, rape or murder.
Urine is a difficult bodily fluid to detect due to the sensitivity of available tests and low positive results. The nature of the fluid causes it to dilate and thin out on the surfaces of the fabric, and it makes it harder to find. Smell may be an indicator, but it will cover a whole thing and will not be local to the area with stains.
Following are considered as important attributes in this initial examination:
4.5 – 8.5
(It is indicator of diet.)
In This Method Colorless 4 To 6 Sided Rhombic Shape Urea Nitrate Crystals Formed If Positive After Adding A Drop Of Conc. HNO3.
The DMAC (para-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde)test is perhaps one of the most common methods for detecting urine based on the presence of urea, producing a pink or magenta color if positive.
Stain Treated With Resorcinol Reagent And CuBr2 Will Produced RedColour Which Show Presence Of Indican.
In this test chromatographic paper of stain treated with 2N NaOH followed by a drop of picric acid produced Orange/Red/Brown colour if positive.
Creatinine is another compound found in high concentrations in urine, thus a number of tests have attempted to utilise this for urine identification tests. The Jaffe test utilises picric acid which, in the presence of creatinine, forms a red compound known as creatinine picrate. The colour change is proportional to the concentration of creatinine present.
The Salkowski Test Produces A Blue Colour In The Presence Of Urine Via A Reaction Between Sodium Nitroprusside And Creatinine When Heated.
The immunological RSID test has also been developed for the detection of urine, based on the presence of a urinary protein known as the Tamm-Horsfall protein.
Beverages are any kind of drink other than water. It is derived from Latin word ‘Bever’ means ‘Rest after work’. Some Drinks, Such as; Coffee, Tea, etc. are accepted in regular life.
Beverages are Divided into Two Categories:-
1.) Non-Alcoholic Beverages/Liquors
2.) Alcoholic Beverages/Liquors
1.) Non-Alcoholic Beverages/Liquors [Alcohol free (or containing less than 0.5%)] :
There are two categories of Non Alcoholic Beverages, which are:
A.) Virgin Drinks / Non Carbonated Liquors
B.) Carbonated Liquors
Non Carbonated drink are those which do not contain carbon dioxide and sparkling taste and ready to drink. Such as; Lemonade, Sports drinks, Fruit juice, Tea, Coffee, Soda, Milk, or Milk based Drinks. unsweetened & Sweetened tea, juice, fruit punch, sparkling water, etc.
Carbonated drinks are light and sweet water-based drinks that also contain carbon dioxide to make them bubbly or fizzy. For example- Soda Water, Sparkling Water, Soft Drinks, Mocktail, etc.
2.) Alcoholic Beverages/Liquors:
Alcoholic Beverages are also divided into two types:
A.) Alcoholic Liquors
B.) Non-Alcoholic Liquors
A.) Non- Alcoholic Liquors
i.) Stimulating (Tea, Coffee, Soup, etc.)
ii.) Refreshing (Squashes, Lemonade, Syrups, etc.)
iii.) Nourishing (Milk, Juice, Soups, etc.)
B.) Alcoholic Liquors
Alcoholic liquors are normally differentiated into three categories:
I.) Isopropyl
II.) Methyl
III.) Ethyl
I.) Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropyl Alcohol also known as Isopropanol or 2-Propanol or Rubbing Alcohol. It is used as disinfectant because of its cooling and disinfecting properties. It is commonly used in medical field. It is also used as cleaner for electronic items due to its evaporation rate. it is bitter in taste which make it unsuitable for drinking.
Chemical Formula: C3H8O
II.) Methyl Alcohol
Methyl Alcohol also known as Methanol and Wood Alcohol. It is used as an Industrial Solvent. It also used in automotive antifreezes, in rocket fuels, and as a general solvents. It is a colorless liquid and also not suitable for drinking.
Chemical Formula: CH3OH
III.) Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl Alcohol also known as Ethanol. It is used as solvent , in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and, as an additive to automotive gasoline. It is also used to produce alcoholic beverages. It is an intoxicating ingredients found in alcoholic beverages. it is a colorless, Flammable, and, Volatile liquid with a slight characteristic odor.
Chemical Formula: C2H6O or C2H5OH
An alcoholic liquors is a drink that contains Ethanol. It is used as solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and, as an additive to automotive gasoline. It is also used to produce alcoholic beverages. It is an intoxicating ingredients found in alcoholic beverages. It is a type of alcohol which produced by fermentation of grains, Fruits or other glucose Sources.
a.) Distilled
b.) Undistilled (Fermented drinks)
Distilled liquor are obtained by distillation from wine or other fermented fruit or starchy material that has first been brewed. Distillation is the process of separating alcohol in a fermented brew from its separate parts.
Distilled Alcohol are: Brandy, Gin, Rum, Tequilla, Vodka, Whiskey, etc.
Undistilled liquor also called fermented drinks are obtained by fermentation. Fermentation is the process by which bacteria or yeast chemically converts sugar into ethanol.
Undistilled Alcohol are: Beer, Wine, Champagne, port, cider, etc.
Country Made Liquors are also known as Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFl). This term is used to denote western style hard liquors, such as; Whisky, Vodka, Rum, etc., which are manufactured in India are called as Country Made Liquors. Country Liquors also known as Indian Made Indian Liquor (IMIL), is brewed and sold locally.
1.) Plain Country Spirit
2.) Blended Country Spirit
3.) Spiced Country Spirit
(As per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) norms)
This is obtained from fermented Cereals, Fruits, Jaggery, Potato, Palm Trees, Mahua Flowers or any other source of fermentable carbohydrates.
Blended country spirits are blend of pot-still distillate, rectified spirit which may be obtained from fermented grain or any other source of fermentable carbohydrates.
Spiced Country Spirits are made of plain or blended country spirit and flavorings with or without color.
Brandy- 35% to 60%
Beer-4% to 6%
Wine- 10% to 12%
Hard Cider- 5%
Rum- 57.5%
Tequila- 40%
Vodka- 40%
Gin- 35% to 55%
Whiskey- 40% to 50%
Liquors can be termed illicit if:
Suspected Liquors sent to forensic labs for analysis of :-
Absorption
After Consumption of alcohol, it travels down the esophagus into the stomach (20% alcohol absorbed in stomach) and the small intestine (80% is absorbed in small intestine), it directly goes to the blood stream. After that it uniformly distributed to all part of body fluids. It takes ½ to 2 hours to reach equilibrium.
Time of the absorption of alcohol in body can be affected because of some factors. Which are:
Metabolism
90% of Alcohol is metabolized in the body mainly by the liver. The brain, pancreas and stomach also metabolize alcohol. Most of the ethanol is broken down in the liver by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which transforms ethanol into a toxic compound called acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), a known carcinogen. Acetaldehyde is short lived, it is quickly broken down to a less toxic compound called acetate by another enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH). Acetate then is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, mainly in tissues other than liver.
Elimination
Alcohol is eliminated through normal routes of excretion (Breath, Sweat, Urine, feces Saliva, Milk). 95% of ingested alcohol is metabolized in liver.
A person eliminate about 7.12 ml/hr with an average of 9.5 ml/hr.
Alcohol -> Acetaldehyde -> Acetate -> Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)
Medical Examination of Intoxication
Alcohol poisoning treatment can include:
How much alcohol is too much is varies by person to person. Intoxication or poisoning are related to the amount of alcohol consumed in one time or in short time which is also known as binge drinking. It brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to .08% or higher.
For woman – 4 drinks within 2 hours;
For man – 5 drinks within 2 hours.
200-500 ml for Adult person.
Miscellaneous constituents are determined by different tests. Such as;
Essential Oils – Extracted By Petroleum Ether.
Methyl Alcohol – By Schiff’s Reagent.
Glycerol, furfural, Sulphate, Sulphite, Lead, Arsenic – By Various Instrumental Method.
Acid phosphatase testing is one of the most common tests for semen detection in forensic laboratories.
The Acid Phosphatase test detect presence of semen by direct testing or indirect testing.
For Direct testing a drop of extract is placed onto filter/blotting paper which contains Suspected sample and in the case of Indirect testing, disputed sample with stain is pressing with dampened filter/blotting paper on to the surface to move some fluid/stain on paper. Then filter/blotting papers are tested with a chemical reagent, which changes colour from orange to purple which confirms the presence of acid phosphatase. This is due to hydrolysis of the α-napthylphosphate to produce α-napthol, which couples with a Brentamine Fast Black/Blue salt, produce purple azo dye.
Full form of pH: Potential of Hydrogen or Power of Hydrogen.
pH is a scale that indicates the acidity or basicity of a water-based solutions or other Liquid Solutions.
A solution with a pH below 7 is considered to be acidic; a solution with a pH above 7 is considered to be alkaline.
