Read over one hundred MCQs on fingerprint to prepare for any examination or test related to forensic science.
1. The first documented case of using fingerprints for identification dates back to:
a) 1800s
b) 1900s
c) 1700s
d) 2000s
Answer: c) 1700s
Explanation: The first documented case of using fingerprints for identification dates back to the late 18th century, specifically in 1784. It involved an Englishman named John Toms, who was convicted of a crime based on a bloody palm print found at the crime scene. This case demonstrated the potential of fingerprints as a unique and reliable means of identification.
2. What is the most common type of fingerprint pattern?
a) Loop
b) Arch
c) Whorl
d) Ridge count
Answer: a) Loop
Explanation: Loop patterns are the most common among all individuals, accounting for approximately 60-70% of all fingerprints, and they can be further classified as radial loops or ulnar loops based on the direction of ridge flow.
3. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that flow inward and then back out, forming a loop pattern?
a) Arch
b) Loop
c) Whorl
d) Composite
Answer: b) Loop
Explanation: Loop patterns have ridges that flow inward and then back out, forming a loop pattern with one or more ridges that cross over or under the loop.
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4. Which of the following characteristics describes a double loop whorl fingerprint pattern?
a) Ridges flow in a circular or near-circular pattern with multiple deltas.
b) Two separate loop formations with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders and two deltas.
c) Ridges flow in parallel lines or waves resembling the lines on a piece of paper.
d) Ridges flow inward and then recurve back to the direction of origin.
Answer: b) Two separate loop formations with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders and two deltas.
Explanation:
In a double loop whorl fingerprint pattern, the ridges form two separate loop patterns with separate cores. This means that the pattern consists of two distinct loops, each with its own core (the point where the ridges turn back in the opposite direction).
5. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that flow inward and then recurve back to the direction of origin, forming a loop pattern with a ridge count of one?
a) Radial loop
b) Ulnar loop
c) Plain loop
d) Tented loop
Answer: a) Radial loop
Explanation: Radial loops have ridges that flow inward and then recurve back to the direction of origin, forming a loop pattern with a ridge count of one. They open towards the thumb side of the hand and are less common than ulnar loops.
6. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that diverge or radiate outward from a central point?
a) Radial loop
b) Ulnar loop
c) Central pocket whorl
d) Plain arch
Answer: a) Radial loop
Explanation: Radial loop is the term used to describe a fingerprint pattern where the ridges diverge or radiate outward from a central point. This pattern is more commonly found in the fingers of the thumb side of the hand.
7. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that converge or slope toward a central point?
a) Radial loop
b) Ulnar loop
c) Central pocket whorl
d) Plain arch
Answer: b) Ulnar loop
Explanation: Ulnar loop is the term used to describe a fingerprint pattern where the ridges converge or slope toward a central point. This pattern is more commonly found in the fingers of the little finger side of the hand.
8. Which type of fingerprint pattern is characterized by ridges that flow in one side, make a U-turn, and exit from the same side?
a) Arch
b) Loop
c) Whorl
d) Composite
Answer: b) Loop
Explanation: Loop is a type of fingerprint pattern characterized by ridges that flow in one side, make a U-turn, and exit from the same side. There are two types of loops: ulnar loop (flows toward the little finger) and radial loop (flows toward the thumb).
9. What part of the fingerprint is used to determine the direction of the ridge pattern?
a) Core
b) Delta
c) Whorl
d) Loop
Answer: b) Delta
Explanation: Delta is the point on a fingerprint where two ridges meet at an angle, and its location is used to determine the direction of the ridge pattern.
10. Which part of the fingerprint is used to determine the “type” of loop pattern?
a) Ridge count
b) Core
c) Delta
d) Whorl
Answer: c) Delta
Explanation: The type of loop pattern, such as radial or ulnar, is determined by the location of the delta, which is the point on a fingerprint where two ridges meet at an angle.
11. What is the term for the point on a fingerprint where the ridges divide into two separate directions?
a) Core
b) Delta
c) Ridge ending
d) Bifurcation
Answer: b) Delta
Explanation: The delta is the point on a fingerprint where the ridges divide into two separate directions, and it is used to determine the type of loop pattern and the direction of ridge flow.
12. Which part of the fingerprint is used to determine the relationship between the core and the ridges?
a) Core
b) Delta
c) Enclosure
d) Whorl
Answer: b) Delta
Explanation: The delta is a triangular or triradiate ridge pattern near the center of a loop or a whorl fingerprint. It is used to determine the relationship between the core and the ridges, which can help in fingerprint analysis and identification.
The core of the print is the central area. A delta is a triangle-shaped area of a fingerprint where the ridge formation changes direction. Arches have one central delta at the core of the print, loops have one delta to the side of the core, and whorls have two deltas, one on each side of the core.
13. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that flow inward and then outward in a circular pattern?
a) Arch
b) Loop
c) Whorl
d) Composite
Answer: c) Whorl
Explanation: Whorls have ridges that flow inward and then outward in a circular or spiral pattern, forming a circular or oval shape.
14. What is the defining feature of a whorl pattern?
a) Presence of a core
b) Presence of bifurcation points
c) Presence of at least two deltas
d) Absence of ridge characteristics
Answer: c) Presence of at least two deltas
Explanation: The presence of at least two deltas within the circular or spiral ridges is the defining feature of a whorl pattern.
15. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that flow in a circular or spiral pattern, with two or more deltas present?
a) Plain whorl
b) Central pocket whorl
c) Double loop whorl
d) Accidental whorl
Answer: d) Accidental whorl
Explanation: Accidental whorls are characterized by ridges that flow in a circular or spiral pattern, with two or more deltas present, with the exception of the plain arch. They are considered rare and do not fit into the categories of plain, central pocket, or double loop whorls.
16. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that form concentric circles or spiral patterns?
a) Whorl
b) Arch
c) Loop
d) Composite
Answer: a) Whorl
Explanation: Whorl is the term used to describe a fingerprint pattern where the ridges form concentric circles or spiral patterns. This pattern is characterized by one or more circular or spiral ridges that encircle a central point, and it is one of the three basic fingerprint pattern types, along with arches and loops.
17. How many deltas are required for a fingerprint pattern to be classified as a whorl pattern?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) It varies depending on the size of the pattern
Answer: b) Two
Explanation: A whorl pattern must have a minimum of two deltas present within the circular or spiral ridges to be classified as a whorl pattern.
18. What is the ridge count in a fingerprint?
a) The total number of ridges in a fingerprint
b) The number of ridges between the core and delta
c) The number of ridges in a 1 cm area of the fingerprint
d) The number of ridges in a loop pattern
Answer: b) The number of ridges between the core and delta
Explanation: Ridge count is the number of ridges that are present between the core (central point of a fingerprint) and the delta (triangular pattern in a loop).
19. What is the term for the number of ridges that cross a specific point in a fingerprint?
a) Ridge count
b) Core
c) Delta
d) Whorl
Answer: a) Ridge count
Explanation: Ridge count is the number of ridges that cross a specific point, such as between the core and delta in a loop pattern, and it is used as a characteristic for identification purposes.
20. What is the term for the number of ridges between two specific points in a fingerprint?
a) Core
b) Ridge count
c) Delta
d) Whorl count
Answer: b) Ridge count
Explanation: Ridge count is the number of ridges between two specific points, such as between the delta and core in a loop pattern, and it is used as a characteristic for identification purposes.
21. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that enter from one side of the print and exit from the other side?
a) Loop
b) Arch
c) Whorl
d) Composite
Answer: b) Arch
Explanation: Arch patterns have ridges that enter from one side of the fingerprint and exit from the other side, forming a gentle curve.
22. In which type of arch pattern do the ridges rise in the center and form a spike or triangular shape?
a) Plain arch
b) Tented arch
c) Double arch
d) Composite arch
Answer: b) Tented arch
Explanation: In a tented arch, the ridges rise in the center and form a spike or triangular shape, resembling a tent. It is a variation of the arch pattern.
23. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that flow in parallel lines or waves, resembling the lines on a piece of paper?
a) Arch
b) Loop
c) Whorl
d) Ridge count
Answer: a) Arch
Explanation: Arch patterns have ridges that flow in parallel lines or waves, resembling the lines on a piece of paper. They can be further classified as plain arches or tented arches based on the presence of a rounded or pointed apex.
24. How many deltas are typically present in a plain arch pattern?
a) None
b) One
c) Two
d) It varies depending on the size of the pattern
Answer: a) None
Explanation: A plain arch pattern typically does not have any deltas. Deltas are more commonly associated with loop and whorl patterns.
25. What is the primary distinguishing feature of an arch pattern?
a) Presence of deltas
b) Direction of ridge flow
c) Presence of core
d) Number of ridge characteristics
Answer: b) Direction of ridge flow
Explanation: The primary distinguishing feature of an arch pattern is the direction in which the ridges flow, forming a continuous line from one side of the fingerprint to the other.
26. The use of fingerprints for identification purposes is based on the principle that:
a) No two individuals have the same fingerprint
b) Certain patterns are more common in certain population groups
c) Fingerprints remain unchanged throughout a person’s life
d) The presence of DNA within the fingerprints
Answer: a) No two individuals have the same fingerprint
Explanation: The use of fingerprints for identification purposes is based on the principle that no two individuals have the same fingerprint pattern, making them a reliable means of distinguishing one person from another.
27. What is the primary factor that determines the individuality of a fingerprint?
a) Ridge count
b) Ridge shape
c) Ridge pattern
d) Core location
Answer: c) Ridge pattern
Explanation: The ridge pattern, which includes the type of pattern (e.g. loop, arch, whorl) and its specific shape, is the primary factor that determines the individuality of a fingerprint.
28. What is the term for the point where a ridge ends abruptly without splitting or rejoining?
a) Bifurcation
b) Enclosure
c) Island
d) Ridge ending
Answer: d) Ridge ending
Explanation: Ridge ending is the term used to describe the point where a ridge ends abruptly without splitting or rejoining. This is another common characteristic used in fingerprint analysis to identify and classify ridge patterns.
29. How do ridge endings contribute to the uniqueness of fingerprints?
a) They are randomly distributed across the fingerprint.
b) They vary in size and shape in each fingerprint.
c) They are found in different locations within the fingerprint pattern.
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Ridge endings contribute to the uniqueness of fingerprints as they are randomly distributed, vary in size and shape, and are found in different locations within the fingerprint pattern. These factors contribute to the individuality of each fingerprint.
30. What is the term for the process of determining the sequence of ridge flow and pattern type in a fingerprint?
a) Ridge tracing
b) Minutiae analysis
c) Core identification
d) Delta determination
Answer: a) Ridge tracing
Explanation: Ridge tracing is the process of determining the sequence of ridge flow and pattern type in a fingerprint. This involves following the ridges and identifying the specific pattern types and ridge characteristics present in the fingerprint.
31. What is the term for the small details or characteristics within a fingerprint pattern?
a) Grooves
b) Furrows
c) Minutiae
d) Ridges
Answer: c) Minutiae
Explanation: Minutiae are the small details or characteristics within a fingerprint pattern, such as ridge endings, bifurcations, and dots that are used for comparison and identification purposes.
32. Which of the following is NOT considered a type of minutiae?
a) Ridge endings
b) Bifurcations
c) Deltas
d) Loops
Answer: d) Loops
Explanation: Loops are a type of fingerprint pattern, not a type of minutiae. Minutiae refer to specific points or features within the pattern.
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33. Which part of a fingerprint is most commonly used for fingerprint identification and comparison?
a) Ridge count
b) Core
c) Delta
d) Minutiae
Answer: d) Minutiae
Explanation: Minutiae are the specific points of ridge characteristics, such as ridge endings, bifurcations, and enclosures, that are used for fingerprint identification and comparison. These minutiae are unique to each individual and are used to establish the uniqueness and individuality of fingerprints.
34. What is a spur in a fingerprint pattern?
a) A point where a ridge splits into two branches
b) A short ridge segment detached from the main ridge
c) A triangular or quadrangular-shaped ridge pattern found within a whorl
d) A ridge that branches off from a parent ridge and does not rejoin
Answer: d) A ridge that branches off from a parent ridge and does not rejoin
Explanation: A spur is a type of minutiae that occurs when a ridge branches off from a parent ridge but does not rejoin it.
35. What is the term for the unique pattern of ridges found at the center of a loop or whorl pattern?
a) Core
b) Delta
c) Apex
d) Ridge count
Answer: a) Core
Explanation: Core is the term used to describe the unique pattern of ridges found at the center of a loop or whorl pattern, which can be classified as plain, central pocket, or double loop based on their location and shape.
36. Which type of minutiae is formed when a ridge splits into two branches?
a) Ridge ending
b) Bifurcation
c) Delta
d) Island
Answer: b) Bifurcation
Explanation: A bifurcation is a type of minutiae that occurs when a ridge splits into two branches of approximately equal size.
37. Which type of fingerprint pattern is a combination of two or more different fingerprint patterns?
a) Arch
b) Loop
c) Whorl
d) Composite
Answer: d) Composite
Explanation: Composite is a type of fingerprint pattern that is a combination of two or more different fingerprint patterns, such as a loop and a whorl or an arch and a loop. Composite fingerprints can provide valuable information in forensic analysis and identification.
38. What is the term for the unique pattern of ridges in a fingerprint?
a) Core
b) Delta
c) Whorl
d) Individualization
Answer: d) Individualization
Explanation: The unique pattern of ridges in a fingerprint, including ridge count, ridge flow, and minutiae, is used for individualization and identification purposes in forensic science.
39. Which type of fingerprint pattern has ridges that flow in a circular or near-circular pattern with multiple deltas?
a) Arch
b) Loop
c) Whorl
d) Accidental
Answer: d) Accidental
Explanation: Accidental patterns have ridges that flow in a circular or near-circular pattern with multiple deltas, and they do not fit into the categories of arches, loops, or whorls.
40. Which of the following best describes an accidental pattern?
a) A pattern with ridges that form a complete loop
b) A pattern with ridges that flow in a circular or spiral pattern
c) A pattern with ridges that split into two or more branches
d) A pattern with ridges that have a combination of different characteristics
Answer: d) A pattern with ridges that have a combination of different characteristics
Explanation: An accidental pattern exhibits a combination of different characteristics, such as ridge flow in multiple directions or a mixture of loop and whorl features.
41. What causes the formation of an accidental pattern in fingerprints?
a) Genetic factors
b) Environmental conditions
c) Deliberate alteration of fingerprints
d) Accidental smudging or distortion of ridges
Answer: d) Accidental smudging or distortion of ridges
Explanation: An accidental pattern can occur due to accidental smudging or distortion of ridges during fingerprint formation or deposition, leading to a complex and irregular pattern.
42. A person with adermatoglyphia will typically have:
a) No fingerprints at all
b) Partial fingerprints that are faint or incomplete
c) Extra ridges and patterns on their fingers
d) Normal fingerprints like everyone else
Answer: a) No fingerprints at all
Explanation: A person with adermatoglyphia, or “immigration delay disease,” typically has no fingerprints at all due to the genetic condition affecting the development of ridges on the fingers.
43. Short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges is known as:
a) Bifurcation
b) Enclosure
c) Island
d) Ridge ending
Answer: a) Bridge
Explanation: A “bridge” refers to a ridge that connects two separate areas of a fingerprint pattern. It acts as a linking structure, connecting ridges that would otherwise be separate or isolated from each.
44. What is the term for a single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is not connected to all other ridges in a fingerprint pattern?
a) Island or dot
b) Ridge ending
c) Core
d) Delta
Answer: a) Island or dot
45. What is the term for the point at which two ridges intersect or cross each other within a fingerprint pattern?
a) Ridge ending
b) Crossover
c) Island
d) Enclosure
Answer: b) Crossover
Explanation: It occurs when two ridges that are originally flowing in different directions converge and intersect at a specific point. Crossovers can be found in various types of fingerprint patterns, such as loops, whorls, or even in the accidental pattern.
46. What distinguishes a crossover from a bifurcation in fingerprint analysis?
a) A crossover involves the intersection of two ridges, while a bifurcation is the splitting of a single ridge.
b) A crossover denotes a ridge that abruptly ends, while a bifurcation involves two ridges joining together.
c) A crossover is found only in loop patterns, while a bifurcation is found in whorl patterns.
d) A crossover represents a central point in a loop or a whorl, while a bifurcation indicates the presence of an enclosure.
Answer: a) A crossover involves the intersection of two ridges, while a bifurcation is the splitting of a single ridge.
Explanation: The main distinction between crossovers and bifurcations is that crossovers involve the intersection of two separate ridges, while bifurcations involve the splitting of a single ridge into two branches.
47. How do fingerprints typically leave marks on surfaces?
a) Through contact with blood
b) Through direct DNA transfer
c) Through sweat and oil secretions
d) Through shedding of skin cells
Answer: c) Through sweat and oil secretions
Explanation: Fingerprints are left on surfaces through the transfer of sweat and oil secretions from the friction ridge skin. These secretions contain the unique ridge patterns that form the fingerprint.
48. What is the term for the type of fingerprint pattern that cannot be classified as any of the other common patterns?
a) Hybrid pattern
b) Composite pattern
c) Accidental pattern
d) Indeterminate pattern
Answer: c) Accidental pattern
Explanation: Accidental patterns are those that do not fit into the categories of arches, loops, or whorls, and they are considered unique and rare, often characterized by irregular ridge patterns or multiple deltas.
49. What percentage of the population exhibits the arch pattern in their fingerprints?
a) 5-10%
b) 25-30%
c) 35-40%
d) 10-15%
Answer: a) 5-10%
Explanation: The arch pattern is observed in approximately 5-10% of the population, making it the least common of the three major fingerprint patterns.
50. Which term refers to the overall pattern formed by the ridges in a fingerprint?
a) Core
b) Delta
c) Enclosure
d) Fingerprint pattern
Answer: d) Fingerprint pattern
Explanation: Fingerprint pattern refers to the overall pattern formed by the ridges in a fingerprint, including the type of pattern (e.g., arch, loop, whorl) and the arrangement of ridges within the pattern. Fingerprint patterns are an important aspect of fingerprint analysis and can help in identifying and comparing fingerprints for forensic purposes.
51. Which chemical method used to develop fingerprints on porous surfaces, such as paper or cardboard?
a) Dye-Stain
b) Ninhydrin
c) Cyanoacrylate
d) Fluorescent Powders
Answer: b) Ninhydrin
Explanation: Ninhydrin is a chemical commonly used to develop fingerprints on porous surfaces, such as paper or cardboard, by reacting with the amino acids present in sweat residues to create a visible purple-colored print.
52. What is the term for the process of preserving a fingerprint by applying a substance that prevents it from deteriorating or being contaminated?
a) Fixation
b) Enhancement
c) Preservation
d) Development
Answer: a) Fixation
Explanation: Fixation is the process of preserving a fingerprint by applying a substance, such as powder or chemical, that prevents it from deteriorating or being contaminated, allowing for better visualization and examination.
53. What is the most commonly used method to process non-porous items for latent prints?
a) Dye-Stain
b) Ninhydrin
c) Cyanoacrylate
d) Fingerprint Powders
Answer: d) Fingerprint Powders
Explanation: One of the most common methods for discovering and collecting latent fingerprints is by dusting a smooth or nonporous surface with fingerprint powder (black granular, aluminum flake, black magnetic, etc.).
54. Which chemical treatment creates a white-colored deposit by reacting with the moisture and components of fingerprints on non-porous surfaces?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) DFO (1,8-diazafluoren-9-one)
d) Acid Yellow 7
Answer: b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
Explanation: Cyanoacrylate fuming is a method where the fumes of cyanoacrylate react with the moisture and components of fingerprints, creating a white-colored deposit and making the prints visible on non-porous surfaces.
55. What is the term for the method of preserving a fingerprint on a non-porous surface, such as glass or metal, by using a fine powder that adheres to the sweat residue?
a) Powdering
b) Dusting
c) Lifting
d) Fixation
Answer: b) Dusting
Explanation: Dusting is the method of preserving a fingerprint on a non-porous surface, such as glass or metal, by using a fine powder that adheres to the sweat residue, making the print visible and allowing for lifting or further examination.
56. Which chemical treatment involves using dyes to stain the fingerprint residue on non-porous surfaces, enhancing their visibility?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) DFO (1,8-diazafluoren-9-one)
d) Acid Yellow 7
Answer: d) Acid Yellow 7
Explanation: Acid Yellow 7 is a dye that can be used to stain the fingerprint residue on non-porous surfaces, enhancing their visibility and aiding in fingerprint development.
57. What is the term for the process of visualizing a latent fingerprint by using a chemical or physical treatment?
a) Development
b) Fixation
c) Enhancement
d) Preservation
Answer: a) Development
Explanation: Development is the process of visualizing a latent fingerprint by using a chemical or physical treatment to make it visible. This can be achieved through methods such as dusting, chemical treatments, or using alternate light sources.
58. Which chemical treatment is a silver-based reagent that reacts with chloride ions in fingerprint residues on non-porous surfaces, forming a dark gray or black-colored deposit?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) DFO (1,8-diazafluoren-9-one)
d) Physical Developer
Answer: d) Physical Developer
Explanation: Physical Developer is a silver-based reagent that reacts with chloride ions in fingerprint residues on non-porous surfaces, forming a dark gray or black-colored deposit and making the prints visible.
59. What is the term for the process of transferring a developed fingerprint from its original surface to another surface, such as tape or adhesive sheet, for further analysis or preservation?
a) Dusting
b) Lifting
c) Fixation
d) Enhancement
Answer: b) Lifting
Explanation: Lifting is the process of transferring a developed fingerprint from its original surface to another surface, such as tape or adhesive sheet, for further analysis or preservation. This is a common method used in fingerprint examination to preserve and document fingerprint evidence.
60. Which chemical treatment uses finely powdered materials that adhere to the oily components of latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces, enhancing their visibility?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) DFO (1,8-diazafluoren-9-one)
d) Small Particle Reagent (SPR)
Answer: d) Small Particle Reagent (SPR)
Explanation: Small Particle Reagent (SPR) consists of finely powdered materials that adhere to the oily components of latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces, enhancing their visibility and aiding in fingerprint development.
61. The study of ridge patterns of the skin is known as:
a) Dermatoglyphics
b) Papillae
c) Epidermis
d) Hypodermis
Answer: a) Dermatoglyphics
Explanation: Dermatoglyphics is study of the unique pattern of ridges and furrows found in the friction ridge skin, which forms fingerprints.
62. Which method relies on the deposition of polymerized cyanoacrylate ester on residues of latent fingermarks?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) Silver nitrate
d) Physical developer
Answer: b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
Explanation: Cyanoacrylate fuming is a method commonly used to develop fingerprints on non-porous surfaces, such as glass, metal, or plastic. It involves heating cyanoacrylate, a common household adhesive, which reacts with the moisture and fatty acids in fingerprints, forming a white, solid deposit that enhances the visibility of the fingerprint.
63. Which chemical method reacts with the hemoglobin in blood, producing a chemiluminescent blue glow?
a) Luminol
b) Amido Black
c) Leucocrystal Violet
d) Hungarian Red
Answer: a) Luminol
Explanation: Luminol is a chemical method that reacts with the hemoglobin in blood, resulting in a chemiluminescent blue glow, making bloody fingerprints visible even after attempts to clean or remove the blood.
64. Which modern technique involves the use of chemical vapor deposition to develop latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces?
a) Vapor-phase cyanoacrylate fuming
b) Chemical vapor imaging
c) Vapor-phase metal deposition
d) Chemical vapor development
Answer: a) Vapor-phase cyanoacrylate fuming
Explanation: Vapor-phase cyanoacrylate fuming is a modern technique used to develop latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces. It involves the use of cyanoacrylate, a common adhesive, which is vaporized and then exposed to the surface containing the latent fingerprints. The cyanoacrylate vapors react with the fingerprint residues, forming a white polymerized material that visualizes the fingerprint ridges. This technique improves the visibility and quality of fingerprint development on non-porous surfaces, such as glass or plastic.
65. Which dye selectively stains the protein components in blood, forming a dark blue or black color when it comes into contact with blood residues?
a) Luminol
b) Amido Black
c) Leucocrystal Violet
d) Acid Yellow 7
Answer: b) Amido Black
Explanation: Amido Black is a dye that selectively stains the protein components in blood. It forms a dark blue or black color upon contact with blood residues, enhancing the visibility of bloody fingerprints on light-colored surfaces.
66. Which one is a purple dye that stains the fatty component of sweat?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) Gentian Violet
d) Physical developer
Answer: c) Gentian Violet
67. Which method involves the use of a high-intensity light source to visualize latent fingerprints on surfaces that may not be visible under normal lighting conditions?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) Ultraviolet (UV) light
d) Physical developer
Answer: c) Ultraviolet (UV) light
Explanation: Ultraviolet (UV) light is commonly used in forensic science to visualize latent fingerprints on surfaces that may not be visible under normal lighting conditions. UV light can cause certain components in sweat and oil residues to fluoresce, making the fingerprints visible under UV light, even if they are not visible to the naked eye.
68. Which method is commonly used to develop faint or aged fingerprints on porous surfaces, such as paper or cardboard?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) Silver nitrate
d) Indanedione
Answer: d) Indanedione
Explanation: Indanedione is a chemical compound that is commonly used to develop faint or aged fingerprints on porous surfaces, such as paper or cardboard. It reacts with the amino acids present in the sweat and oils of fingerprints, producing a purple or pink-colored reaction that enhances the visibility of the fingerprint.
69. Which dye reacts with the heme group present in blood, forming a purple color and aiding in the development of bloody fingerprints on dark or multicolored surfaces?
a) Luminol
b) Amido Black
c) Leucocrystal Violet
d) Hungarian Red
Answer: c) Leucocrystal Violet
Explanation: Leucocrystal Violet is a dye that reacts with the heme group present in blood, resulting in a purple color. It is particularly useful for developing bloody fingerprints on dark or multicolored surfaces.
70. Which method is very effective when non-porous surfaces such as Metals and Plastics are covered with a grease or oil?
a) Ninhydrin
b) Cyanoacrylate fuming
c) Silver nitrate
d) Sudan Black
Answer: d) Sudan Black
Explanation: Sudan Black or Solvent black 3 may be used to develop latent fingerprints on a non-porous surfaces such as Metals and Plastics are covered with a grease or oil. The image produced by the reaction of this dye with the fatty constituents present in the latent fingerprints are blue-black in colour.
71. Which powder method is commonly used to develop latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces by applying a finely divided iron-based powder using a magnetic brush?
a) Magnetic Powder
b) Black Powder
c) White Powder
d) Fluorescent Powder
Answer: a) Magnetic Powder
Explanation: Magnetic powder is a finely divided iron-based powder that is applied using a magnetic brush. It adheres to the fingerprint residues on non-porous surfaces, making them visible.
72. Which powder is typically black in color and is gently applied to the surface using a brush to enhance the visibility of latent fingerprints on light surfaces?
a) Magnetic Powder
b) Black Powder
c) White Powder
d) Fluorescent Powder
Answer: b) Black Powder
Explanation: Black powder, also known as carbon or fingerprint powder is applied to the surface using a brush. It adheres to the fingerprint residues, making them visible against the light background.
73. Which type of powder is used to develop fingerprints on dark or colored surfaces by providing contrast against the background?
a) Magnetic Powder
b) Black Powder
c) White Powder
d) Fluorescent Powder
Answer: c) White Powder
Explanation: White powder, typically made of aluminum or titanium dioxide, is used to develop fingerprints on dark or colored surfaces. It provides contrast against the background, enhancing the visibility of the prints.
74. Which modern technique uses laser or alternate light sources to visualize latent fingerprints?
a) Laser-enhanced fingerprint development
b) Alternate light source imaging
c) Laser ablation
d) Photoluminescence
Answer: b) Alternate light source imaging
Explanation: Alternate light source imaging is a modern technique that uses laser or alternate light sources, such as UV or IR light, to visualize latent fingerprints. These light sources can cause the fingerprint residues to fluoresce, making them more visible and enhancing the quality of fingerprint development.
75. Which powder method utilizes powders containing fluorescent materials that adhere to fingerprint residues and fluoresce under specific wavelengths of light?
a) Magnetic Powder
b) Black Powder
c) White Powder
d) Fluorescent Powder
Answer: d) Fluorescent Powder
Explanation: Fluorescent powders contain materials that fluoresce under specific wavelengths of light. When applied to fingerprint residues, they enhance visibility by producing a fluorescent response.
76. Which of the following reagent used in the development of fingerprints contaminated with blood?
a) Acid Black 1
b) Acid Violet 17
c) Acid Yellow 7
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: In the presence of proteins from blood or other body fluids, acid black 1, acid violet 7 produce blue-black, vivid violet and yellow fluorescent images, respectively.
77. Which technique uses a combination of vacuum metal deposition (VMD) and dye staining to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces?
a) Vacuum metal deposition (VMD) with dye staining
b) Dual metal staining technique
c) Dye staining with VMD
d) Nanoparticle-enhanced VMD
Answer: c) Dye staining with VMD
Explanation: Dye staining with VMD is a modern method used to develop latent fingerprints on porous surfaces. It involves the use of vacuum metal deposition (VMD) in combination with a dye stain, which helps to enhance the visibility of the fingerprint and improve the quality of fingerprint development.
78. Which visual method involves illuminating the surface at an angle to create shadows and enhance the visibility of latent fingerprints?
a) Oblique Lighting
b) UV Lighting
c) Infrared Imaging
d) RUVIS
Answer: a) Oblique Lighting
Explanation: Oblique lighting involves illuminating the surface at an angle to create shadows, which can help reveal the ridge details of latent fingerprints.
79. Which of the following is the primary basis for individualizing fingerprints?
a) Ridge flow pattern
b) Core point location
c) Minutiae characteristics
d) Ridge count
Answer: c) Minutiae characteristics
Explanation: Minutiae characteristics, such as ridge endings, bifurcations, and dots, are the primary basis for individualizing fingerprints and differentiating one person’s prints from another.
80. Which visual method utilizes reflected UV radiation to enhance the visibility of latent fingerprints?
a) Oblique Lighting
b) UV Lighting
c) Infrared Imaging
d) RUVIS
Answer: d) RUVIS
Explanation: RUVIS (Reflective Ultraviolet Imaging System) is a specialized imaging system that utilizes UV light and a sensitive camera to capture reflected UV radiation. It enhances the visibility of latent fingerprints.
81. In fingerprint identification, the presence of how many matching minutiae is typically required for a positive identification?
a) 2 or more
b) 12 or more
c) 10 or more
d) 15 or more
Answer: b) 12 or more
Explanation: In fingerprint identification, a positive identification is generally made when there are 12 or more matching minutiae between two prints.
82. Which fingerprint comparison method involves visually comparing two fingerprints side by side to determine if they are from the same source?
a) Automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS)
b) Ridge count analysis
c) ACE-V method
d) Henry Classification System
Answer: c) ACE-V method
Explanation: The ACE-V method (Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification) involves visually comparing two fingerprints side by side to determine if they are from the same source.
83. Which type of fingerprint impression is left on a surface when a finger touches it, but is not immediately visible to the naked eye?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: a) Latent fingerprint
Explanation: Latent fingerprints are invisible impressions left on surfaces due to sweat and oil from the ridges of the finger. They are not immediately visible and require additional techniques for development, such as dusting, chemical treatments, or alternate light sources.
84. Which type of fingerprint impression is usually incomplete and lacks ridge detail due to the minimal contact of the finger with the surface?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: a) Latent fingerprint
Explanation: Latent fingerprints are usually incomplete and lack ridge detail due to the minimal contact of the finger with the surface. They are not immediately visible and require additional techniques for development to make them visible and suitable for identification.
85. Which type of fingerprint impression is commonly found on smooth, non-porous surfaces such as glass, metal, or plastic?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: a) Latent fingerprint
Explanation: Latent fingerprints are usually not immediately visible and require additional techniques for development on smooth, non-porous surfaces. These surfaces do not absorb sweat and oil from the ridges of the finger, resulting in latent fingerprints that are commonly found on such surfaces.
86. Which type of fingerprint impression is commonly found on objects that are handled regularly, such as doorknobs, keyboards, or cell phones?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: a) Latent fingerprint
Explanation: Latent fingerprints are commonly found on objects that are handled regularly, as sweat and oil from the ridges of the fingers are transferred onto the surfaces during touch. These fingerprints are usually not immediately visible and require additional techniques for development.
87. Which type of fingerprint impression is created when a finger touches a surface and leaves a three-dimensional impression due to the presence of sweat and oil from the ridges of the finger?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: b) Plastic fingerprint
Explanation: Plastic fingerprints are created when a finger touches a surface and leaves a three-dimensional impression due to the presence of sweat and oil from the ridges of the finger. These impressions are tangible and visible, making them useful for identification purposes.
88. Which type of fingerprint impression is commonly left on soft materials, such as clay, wax, or putty, and can be easily recovered and preserved?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: b) Plastic fingerprint
Explanation: Plastic fingerprints are commonly left on soft materials, such as clay, wax, or putty, due to the pressure applied by the ridges of the finger. These impressions can be easily recovered and preserved as they are three-dimensional and visible.
89. Which type of fingerprint impression is made by rolling the fingers on a surface coated with ink or other marking substance, capturing the ridge detail of the entire finger?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: d) Rolled fingerprint
Explanation: Rolled fingerprints are obtained by rolling the fingers on a surface coated with ink or other marking substance, and then transferring the ridge detail onto a recording medium, such as paper or a fingerprint card. Rolled fingerprints capture the entire fingerprint pattern, including ridges, loops, and whorls.
90. Which type of fingerprint impression is suitable for capturing the overall fingerprint pattern, as well as the individual ridge details of each finger?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: d) Rolled fingerprint
Explanation: Rolled fingerprints are suitable for capturing the overall fingerprint pattern, as well as the individual ridge details of each finger. This type of impression is obtained by rolling the fingers on a surface coated with ink or other marking substance, providing a comprehensive representation of the fingerprint.
91. Which automated system is commonly used for large-scale fingerprint identification and matching?
a) ACE-V system
b) Henry Classification System
c) AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
d) IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
Answer: d) IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
Explanation: IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System) is a commonly used automated system for large-scale fingerprint identification and matching.
92. Which type of fingerprint impression is left on a surface when a finger touches it and leaves a visible deposit of sweat and oil from the ridges of the finger?
a) Latent fingerprint
b) Plastic fingerprint
c) Visible fingerprint
d) Rolled fingerprint
Answer: c) Visible fingerprint
Explanation: Visible fingerprints are impressions left on surfaces that are immediately visible to the naked eye. They are created when a finger touches a surface and leaves a visible deposit of sweat and oil from the ridges of the finger.
93. Which term refers to the individual characteristics of ridges, such as breaks, forks, or enclosures that are used in fingerprint identification?
a) Core point
b) Delta point
c) Ridge count
d) Galton’s details
Answer: d) Galton’s details
Explanation: Galton’s details refer to the individual characteristics of ridges, such as breaks, forks, or enclosures, that are used in fingerprint identification.
94. Which part of the body is NOT typically used for fingerprint collection?
a) Fingertips
b) Palm
c) Elbow
d) Sole of the foot
Answer: c) Elbow
Explanation: Elbow is not typically used for fingerprint collection in forensic science. Fingertips, palms, and soles of the feet are the most common areas of the body where fingerprints are collected for analysis as they tend to have well-defined ridge patterns.
95. What is the primary purpose of fingerprints in forensic science?
a) Identification
b) DNA analysis
c) Ballistics
d) Toxicology
Answer: a) Identification
Explanation: The primary purpose of fingerprints in forensic science is identification. Fingerprints are unique to each individual and can be used to identify suspects, victims, and witnesses in criminal investigations. Fingerprints can also be used for identification in non-criminal contexts, such as immigration, employment, and access control.
96. Which of the following case solved because of Fingerprints?
a) The Lindbergh Kidnapping
b) Carroll Bonnet
c) Golden State Killer
d) John Wayne Gacy
Answer: b) Carroll Bonnet
Explanation: Carroll Bonnet, age 61 at the time of his murder in 1978, was stabbed to death in his flat. Latent fingerprints and palm-prints were among the pieces of evidence police gathered from the victim’s bathroom (where they assumed the murderer was attempting to remove evidence of his or her crimes).
97. Which system is commonly used in forensic science for the storage, retrieval, and comparison of fingerprints?
a) AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
b) Biometric Fingerprint System
c) ACE-V (Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation, and Verification) system
d) CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)
Answer: a) AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
Explanation: AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) is commonly used in forensic science for the storage, retrieval, and comparison of fingerprints. It enables efficient and automated fingerprint identification processes.
98. The study of fingerprints is known as:
a) Dactylography
b) Serology
c) Odontology
d) Anthropology
Answer: a) Dactylography
Explanation: The study of fingerprints is known as dactylography. It involves the analysis, classification, and comparison of fingerprints for identification purposes.
99. In a murder investigation, the forensic team found fingerprints on the murder weapon, which matched the fingerprints of a suspect in the police database. This evidence is an example of:
a) Class evidence
b) Individual evidence
c) Circumstantial evidence
d) Direct evidence
Answer: d) Direct evidence
Explanation: In this case, the fingerprints found on the murder weapon matched the fingerprints of a suspect, providing direct evidence of their involvement in the crime. Direct evidence is evidence that directly proves a fact without the need for inference or presumption.
100. In a burglary case, fingerprints were found on a broken window pane and were collected as evidence. The fingerprints were later matched to a known criminal in the police database. This evidence is an example of:
a) Class evidence
b) Individual evidence
c) Circumstantial evidence
d) Hearsay evidence
Answer: b) Individual evidence
Explanation: In this case, the fingerprints found on the broken window pane were matched to a known criminal, providing individual evidence of their presence at the crime scene. Individual evidence is evidence that can be attributed to a specific source with a high degree of certainty, such as fingerprints or DNA.
101. In a forgery case, a fingerprint was found on a forged document that was used to commit a fraud. The fingerprint was lifted and compared to the fingerprints of the suspect and was found to be a match. This evidence is an example of:
a) Class evidence
b) Individual evidence
c) Circumstantial evidence
d) Documentary evidence
Answer: c) Circumstantial evidence
Explanation: In this case, the fingerprint found on the forged document is circumstantial evidence that links the suspect to the crime. Circumstantial evidence is indirect evidence that requires inference or presumption to establish a fact. In this case, the fingerprint provides circumstantial evidence of the suspect’s involvement in the forgery.
102. Fingerprint evidence is classified as:
a) Class evidence
b) Individual evidence
c) Both class and individual evidence
d) Neither class nor individual evidence
Answer: b) Individual evidence
Explanation: Fingerprint evidence is considered individual evidence because each person’s fingerprints are unique, making them highly valuable for identification purposes.
103. Fingerprint evidence is considered class evidence when:
a) The pattern type matches a specific group of people
b) The quality of the print is poor and lacks individualizing characteristics
c) The fingerprint is partial and cannot be fully compared
d) Multiple individuals with identical prints are identified
Answer: b) The quality of the print is poor and lacks individualizing characteristics
Explanation: Fingerprint evidence can be classified as class evidence in cases where the quality of the print is poor and lacks individualizing characteristics that would allow for a specific identification.
104. In the case of the “Great Train Robbery” in England in 1963, fingerprints were found on a discarded glove at the crime scene and were matched to a suspect’s fingerprints, leading to his arrest. This case is an example of:
a) DNA Analysis
b) Fingerprints
c) Hair and fiber analysis
d) Footprints
Answer: b) Fingerprints
Explanation: In this case, the fingerprints found on the discarded glove were compared to a suspect’s fingerprints, which resulted in a match and led to his arrest. Fingerprint comparison is the process of visually examining and comparing the ridge patterns, characteristics, and minutiae of two or more fingerprints to determine if they match.
105. The first systematic use of fingerprints in criminal investigations was initiated in:
a) France
b) United States
c) India
d) United Kingdom
Answer: d) United Kingdom
Explanation: Sir William Herschel initiated the first systematic use of fingerprints in criminal investigations in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century. He used fingerprints as a means of identifying individuals and as a form of personal identification in the British Indian Civil Service.
106. Who conducted extensive research on fingerprints and published a book titled “Fingerprints” in 1892?
a) Sir Edward Richard Henry
b) Francis Galton
c) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Sir William Herschel
Answer: b) Francis Galton
Explanation: Francis Galton, a British scientist and cousin of Charles Darwin, conducted extensive research on fingerprints in the late 19th century. He published a book titled “Fingerprints” in 1892, which was one of the earliest scientific works on the subject and helped establish the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints.
107. Who was the first person to scientifically prove the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints?
a) Sir Edward Richard Henry
b) Francis Galton
c) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Marcello Malpighi
Answer: b) Francis Galton
Explanation: Francis Galton, a British scientist, was the first person to scientifically prove the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints in the late 19th century. His research and publications on fingerprints established their individuality and consistency, paving the way for the use of fingerprints as a reliable method of identification.
108. Who is considered the “Father of Fingerprint Identification”?
a) Sir Edward Richard Henry
b) Francis Galton
c) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Marcello Malpighi
Answer: b) Francis Galton
Explanation: Francis Galton, a British scientist, is considered the “Father of Fingerprint Identification”. He conducted extensive research on fingerprints and published a detailed book titled “Fingerprints” in 1892, which laid the foundation for the scientific study and use of fingerprints for identification purposes.
109. The first systematic use of fingerprints in criminal investigations in the United States was initiated by:
a) J. Edgar Hoover
b) Sir Edward Richard Henry
c) Francis Galton
d) Dr. Henry Faulds
Answer: a) J. Edgar Hoover
Explanation: J. Edgar Hoover, who later became the first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States, initiated the first systematic use of fingerprints in criminal investigations in the early 20th century. He established the FBI’s fingerprint identification program, which played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of fingerprint analysis for forensic purposes in the United States.
110. Who developed the first systematic method of fingerprint classification?
a) Sir Edward Richard Henry
b) Francis Galton
c) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Dr. Henry Faulds
Answer: a) Sir Edward Richard Henry
Explanation: Sir Edward Richard Henry, an Englishman, developed the first systematic method of fingerprint classification, known as the Henry Classification System in the late 19th century. This system allowed for the efficient and organized classification of fingerprints, making it easier to search and match fingerprints for identification purposes.
111. Which scientist developed the first fingerprint identification system used in a criminal investigation?
a) Sir Edward Richard Henry
b) Francis Galton
c) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Marcello Malpighi
Answer: c) Alphonse Bertillon
Explanation: Alphonse Bertillon, a French police official, developed the first systematic fingerprint identification system used in a criminal investigations in the late 19th century. His method involved measuring various body parts and recording other physical characteristics along with fingerprints for identification purposes.
112. Which factor can affect the quality and clarity of a fingerprint and may pose challenges in fingerprint identification?
a) Age of the individual
b) Environmental conditions
c) Injury or scars on the fingers
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The quality and clarity of a fingerprint can be affected by various factors, including age, environmental conditions, and injuries or scars on the fingers, which may pose challenges in fingerprint identification.