Welcome to ‘General Forensic Science: A Comprehensive Book,’ meticulously curated to be your ultimate exam preparation companion. Crafted with precision by seasoned practitioner advocate and forensic book writer Archana Singh, this guide is tailored to cover the essentials of basic forensic science. Designed with the exam-taker in mind, this book encompasses a diverse range of content, offering a comprehensive overview of various forensic disciplines. From fundamental principles to advanced techniques, each chapter is meticulously structured to aid in your exam preparation journey. Whether you’re a student venturing into the world of forensic science or a seasoned professional seeking to brush up on the basics, this book is your definitive resource for mastering the essentials of forensic science. Additionally, rest assured that this book has been meticulously prepared according to the syllabus of FACT & FACT Plus Section A, ensuring alignment with your exam preparation needs.
Table of Contents (General Forensic Science)
| Chapter | Subsection | Page |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Introduction | 1 | |
| 2. Laws and Principles of Forensic Science | – Law of Individuality | 4 |
| – Principle Of Exchange | 4 | |
| – Law Of Progressive Change | 4 | |
| – Principle of Comparison | 4 | |
| – Principle Of Analysis | 5 | |
| – Law Of Probability | 5 | |
| – Law Of Circumstantial Facts | 5 | |
| 3. Branches of Forensic Science | 6 | |
| 4. Scope of analysis in forensic science laboratories/institutions | 9 | |
| 5. History And Development | – World History of Forensic Science | 11 |
| – Development of Forensic Science in India | 14 | |
| 6. Legendries And Their Contributions in The Field of Forensic Science | 15 | |
| 7. Fathers of Various branches of Forensic Science | 18 | |
| 8. Evidence | – Introduction | 20 |
| – Different Types of Evidence | 20 | |
| 9. Physical Evidence | – Types of Physical Evidence | 24 |
| – Information That Can Be Obtained from Physical Evidence | 25 | |
| – Nature of Physical Evidence | 25 | |
| – Sources of Trace Evidence | 26 | |
| – Collection and Preservation of Evidence | 27 | |
| – Keeping the Evidence Secure | 28 | |
| 10. Crime Scene | – Types of Crime Scene | 30 |
| 11. Crime Scene Investigation | – Investigation Team of Crime – Scene | 31 |
| – How to Secure Crime Scene? | 32 | |
| – Documenting the Scene and Evidence | 33 | |
| 12. Crime Scene Photography Techniques & Technology | 36 | |
| 13. Crime Scene Search Methods | – Link Method | 39 |
| – Line or Strip Method | 39 | |
| – Wheel Method | 40 | |
| – Spiral Method | 40 | |
| – Zone Method | 41 | |
| – Grid Method | 41 | |
| – Random Search Method | 41 | |
| 14. Crime Scene Reconstruction | – Introduction | 42 |
| – Significance | 42 | |
| – Nature | 42 | |
| – Fundamental Principles for Physical Evidence and Reconstruction | 42 | |
| – Concept of Individualization | 44 | |
| – Reconstruction | 44 | |
| – The Phases of Reconstruction | 44 | |
| 15. Fingerprints | – Principles Of Fingerprints | 46 |
| – Development Of Fingerprint | 46 | |
| – Significance | 47 | |
| – Searching Of Fingerprint from The Scene of Crime | 47 | |
| – When And How Is Fingerprint Analysis Used? | 48 | |
| – Searching for Fingerprints | 48 | |
| – Systematic Approach for Developing Latent Fingerprints on Various Surfaces | 49 | |
| – Other Methods for Development of Fingerprints | 50 | |
| – Chart for Development of Latent Fingerprints | 51 | |
| – Recent Advancements in Fingerprint | 54 | |
| 16. Identifying Footprint, Shoeprint, and Tyreprint Impressions at Crime Scenes | 55 | |
| – Introduction | 55 | |
| – Collection Of Footprints | 55 | |
| – Evaluation and Comparison | 58 | |
| 17. Class and Individual Characteristics of Material Evidence | 60 | |
| – Introduction | 60 | |
| – Understanding Class Characteristics | 60 | |
| – Analyzing Individual Characteristics | 60 | |
| – Real-World Applications | 61 | |
| 18. Safety measures at the Scene of Crime and in the Laboratory | 63 | |
| – Introduction | 63 | |
| – Safety Measures at the Scene of Crime | 63 | |
| – Safety Measures in the Laboratory | 63 | |
| 19. Organization Of Forensic Science Laboratories of Centre and State, NCRB And NCIFS | 65 | |
| – General Issues Accreditation Standards | 65 | |
| – Administrative Organization | 65 | |
| 20. Forensic Science Laboratories | – Role of Forensic Science Laboratory | 66 |
| – Central Forensic Science Laboratory | 66 | |
| – State Forensic Science Laboratory in India: | 66 | |
| 21. Quality Management System Standards in Forensics | 68 | |
| 22. Techniques and Instruments for Evidence Analysis | 72 | |
| 23. Electromagnetic Radiation | – Introduction | 75 |
| – Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation | 75 | |
| – Electromagnetic Spectrum | 75 | |
| – Interactions with Matter | 75 | |
| – Applications beyond Spectroscopy | 76 | |
| – Importance in Modern Science | 76 | |
| 24. Microscopy | – Introduction | 77 |
| – Basic Principles of Microscopy | 77 | |
| – Microscope Instrumentation | 78 | |
| – Types of Microscopy | 79 | |
| 25. Spectroscopy | – Introduction | 81 |
| – Spectrometry | 82 | |
| – Interaction of Matter with Electromagnetic Radiation | 82 | |
| – Emission and Absorption Spectra | 82 | |
| – Analysis with Spectrometers | 82 | |
| – Types of Spectra | 82 | |
| – Methods of Classification of Spectroscopy | 83 | |
| – Common Types of Spectroscopies | 83 | |
| – Applications and Significance | 84 | |
| 26. Spectrophotometer | – Introduction | 85 |
| – Principle of Spectrophotometry | 85 | |
| – Parts of a Spectrophotometer | 85 | |
| – Working Mechanism of Spectrophotometer | 86 | |
| – Types of Spectrophotometers | 86 | |
| – Applications of Spectrophotometer | 88 | |
| – Preventive Measures | 88 | |
| 27. Chromatography | – Introduction | 89 |
| – Fundamentals of Chromatography | 89 | |
| – Theory of chromatography | 89 | |
| – Formulas and Reactions | 91 | |
| – Key Chromatographic Techniques | 92 | |
| – Instrumentation | 93 | |
| – Quantitative Analysis | 94 | |
| – Applications of Chromatography | 96 | |
| 28. Electrophoresis | – Introduction | 97 |
| – Definition | 97 | |
| – Mechanism | 97 | |
| – Understanding Electrophoretic Mobility | 98 | |
| – pH’s Role in Electrophoresis | 98 | |
| – Type of Electrophoresis | 98 | |
| 29. Components of Computers and their Functions | – Introduction | 102 |
| – Components of Computer | 102 | |
| – Input Unit | 103 | |
| – Output Unit | 103 | |
| – Central Processing Unit (CPU) | 104 | |
| – Glossary | 105 | |
| 30. Digital Evidence Imaging and Authentication | – Introduction | 109 |
| – Imaging of Digital Evidence | 109 | |
| – Authentication of Digital Evidence | 109 | |
| – Conclusion | 110 | |
| 31. Brief overview of the basic principles of statistics | – Introduction | 111 |
| – Fundamental Principles of Statistics | 111 | |
| – Important Terms | 112 | |
| 32. Law and Forensic Science in India | – Comprehensive Overview of Courts in India: Powers, Jurisdiction, and Penalties | 113 |
| 33. Ethics in Forensic Science | – The National Code of Professional Responsibility for Forensic Science and Forensic Medicine Service Providers | 119 |
| 34. Previous Year Question Paper: Section – A (FACT) (2018) | 122 | |
| – Answers & Explanation | 127 | |
| 35. Previous Year Question Paper: Section A (FACT Plus) (2018) | 134 | |
| – Answers & Explanation | 139 | |
| 36. Previous Year Question Paper: Section A (FACT) (2022) | 144 | |
| – Answers & Explanation | 149 | |
| 37. Previous Year Question Paper: Section A (FACT Plus) (2022) | 154 | |
| – Answers & Explanation | 159 | |
| 38. Questions of General Knowledge, General English, Aptitude, Reasoning From FACT and FACT Plus Examination Previous Year Question Paper | 165 | |
| – 2018 | 165 | |
| – 2022 | 166 | |
| 39. Answer | – 2018 | 168 |
| – 2022 | 168 | |
| 40. Sources & References | 169 |
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