INTRODUCTION
โด The term โbiometricsโ is derived from the Greek words โbioโ (life) and โmetricsโ (to measure).
โด Biometrics is the technical term for body measurements and calculations.
โด Biometrics is the measurement and statistical analysis of peopleโs unique physical and behavioral characteristics.
โด Biometrics allows a person to be identified and authenticated based on a set of recognizable and verifiable data, which are unique and specific to them.
โด Biometrics authentication is the process of comparing data for the personโs characteristics in order to determine resemblance.
CHARACTERISTCS
1. UNIVERSAL
2. UNIQUE
3. INVARIABLE
4. RECORDABLE
5. MEASURABLE
HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS
๐1858 โ First systematic capture of hand images for identification purposes is recorded.
๐1870 โ Bertillon develops anthropometries to identify individuals.
๐1892 โ Galton develops a classification system for fingerprints.
๐1896 โ Henry develops a fingerprint classification system
๐1903 โ NY State Prisons begin using fingerprints.
๐1960s โ Face recognition becomes semi-automated.
๐1960 โ First model of acoustic speech production is created.
๐1963 โ Hughes research paper on fingerprint automation is published.
๐1974- First commercial hand geometry systems become available.
๐1976 โ First prototype system for speaker recognition is developed.
๐1986 โ Exchange of fingerprint minutiae data standard is published.
๐1988 โ First semi-automated facial recognition system is deployed.
๐1991 โ Face detection is pioneered, making real time face recognition possible.
๐1992 โ Biometric Consortium is established within US Government.
๐1994 โ Palm System is benchmarked.
๐1996 โ Hand geometry is implemented at the Olympic Games.
๐1996 โ NIST begins hosting annual speaker recognition evaluations.
๐1997 โ First commercial, generic biometric interoperability standard is published.
๐1998- FBI launches COOlS (DNA forensic database).
๐1999 โ FBIโs IAFIS major components become operational.
๐2001 โ Face recognition is used at the Super Bowl in Tampa, Florida.
๐2002 โ ISO/IEC standards committee on biometrics is established.
๐2004 โ First statewide automated palm print databases are deployed in the US.
๐2008 โ U.S. Government begin coordinating biometric database use.
๐2010 โ U.S. national security apparatus utilizes biometrics for terrorist identification.
๐2011 โ Biometric identification used to identify body of Osama bin Laden.
TYPES OF BIOMETRICS
Biometrics Can Be Divided Into Three Main Categories Of Characteristics:
1. BIOLOGICAL
2. MORPHOLOGICAL
3. BEHAVIORAL
โฉDNA MATCHING
The identification of an individual using the analysis of segments from DNA.
๐EAR
The identification of an individual using the shape of the ear.
๐EYES – IRIS RECOGNITION & RETINA RECOGNITION
๐IRIS RECOGNITION- The use of the features found in the iris to identify an individual.
๐RETINA RECOGNITION- The use of patterns of veins in the back of the eye to accomplish recognition.
๐ฑโโ๏ธFACE RECOGNITION
The analysis of facial features or patterns for the authentication or recognition of an individuals identity.
๐คFINGERPRINT RECOGNITION
The use of the ridges and valleys (minutiae) found on the surface tips of a human finger to identify an individual.
๐FINGER GEOMETRY RECOGNITION
The use of 3D geometry of the finger to determine identity.
๐คHAND GEOMETRY RECOGNITION
The use of the geometric features of the hand such as the lengths of fingers and the width of the hand to identify an individual.
๐VEIN RECOGNITION
Vein recognition is a type of biometrics that can be used to identify individuals based on the vein patterns in the human finger or palm.
๐ODOUR
The use of an individuals odour to determine identity.
โSIGNATURE RECOGNITION
The authentication of an individual by the analysis of handwriting style, specifically the signature. Technology is available to check two scanned signatures using advances algorithms.
๐ฉโ๐ปTYPING RECOGNITION
The use of the unique characteristics of a persons typing for establishing identity.
๐ฃVOICE / SPEAKER RECOGNITION
There are two major applications of speaker recognition:
๐Voice – Speaker Verification / Authentication
๐Voice – Speaker Identification
โIn forensic applications, it is common to first perform a speaker identification process to create a list of “best matches” and then perform a series of verification processes to determine a conclusive match.
โVoice recognition analyzes audio input for specific patterns in speech or sound. Each voice, or common noise, has a recognizable wavelength pattern that can aid in identification of a specific individual.
๐ถโโ๏ธ๐ฃGAIT
The use of an individuals walking style or gait to determine identity.
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E-BOOK ON BIOMETRICS
This E-book is a short notes on Biometrics & Itโs Uses which is specially designed for competitive examination so that you can easily Understand Biometrics . This E-book has wide knowledge of biometrics from beginnings to their uses in modern world.