Introduction
“Any Kind Of Antisocial Behavior, Which Is Punishable By Law Or Norms, Stated By Community,” Can Be Stated As Criminal Behavior.
Criminal behavior study is to understand the behavior of criminal and find some answer of the questions such as:
- Why do criminals commit an offence?
- Who are they?
- How do they think?
- What do they do?
A risk factor in criminality is anything in a persons psychology, what will somewhat increase possibility, that he/she will get involved in a criminal activity. These may include:
- Behavior disorder,
- Lack of education,
- Media influence,
- Poor personal temperament,
- Low IQ,
- Antisocial beliefs,
- Influence of society
- Poor parenting, etc…
How To Measure Criminal Behavior?
Criminal behavior usually is measured by:
- Arrests and charges,
- Self-reported offences.
- Actual crime rates.
Causes Of Criminal behavior
- Family issues – Children with violent parents are more likely to become violent through learned behaviors.
- Financial problems, or starvation – When A person has to struggle every day just to fulfil his/her basic needs, the probability that they commit crime to complete their desire.
- Socioeconomic status – Many feels inferior or low because of their lower middle or poor class lifestyle and sometimes to gain high status they choose wrong path.
- Genetics – Any type of psychological problem or mental disorder such as anxiety problem, aggression, etc.
- Mental illness– More than half the populations in jails and state and federal prisons have some kind of mental illness according to national institute of mental health.
Theories Of Criminal Behavior
Three Broad Models Of Criminal Behaviors Are The Following:
- Sociological Models
- Psychological Models
- Biological models
Psychological Approaches
- Crime control policy based on psychological principles targets individuals and tries to prevent criminal behavior from this point.
- Any policy aimed at preventing crime by targeting persons such as training, education, promotion of self-awareness, rehabilitation, resocialization or identification risks of criminal behavior are psychological in nature.
- Some fundamental assumptions of psychological theories of criminality are following:
- Normality is generally defined by social consensus.
- The individual is the primary unit of analysis in psychological theories.
- Criminal behavior may be purposeful for the individual in so far as it addresses certain felt needs.
- Defective, or abnormal, mental processes may have a variety of causes, i.e., A diseased mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the emulation of inappropriate role models, and adjustment to inner conflicts. (Mischel, 1968.)
Sociological Approaches
According to social control theory, if social bounds of a person is weak, he/she will more likely conduct a criminal act, because people care what others thinks of them and try to conform with social expectations because of their attachment to others.
Sociological notions of criminality define as:
- How the contradictions of all of these interacting groups contribute to criminality.
- Attempting to connect the issues of the individual’s criminality with the broader social structures and cultural values of society, familial, or peer group.
- Criminality is viewed from the point of view of the social construction of criminality and its social causes.
Biological Approaches
Biological theories purport, that criminal behavior is caused by some flaw in individual’s biological makeup.
According to Raine Study, This physical flaw could be due to…
- Heredity,
- Neurotransmitter dysfunction,
- Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above, improper development, or trauma.
Many theories are sharing biological approaches such as:
- Trait And Psychodynamic Trait Theories,
- Lombroso’s Theory,
- Y Chromosome Theory And Others.
There are several types of crime control, which involve artificial interference in human biology such as;
- Psychosurgery,
- Chemical Methods Of Control,
- Brain Stimulation And Others.
How to control it?
There are several types of crime control, which involve artificial interference in human biology such as Psychosurgery, chemical methods of control, brain stimulation and others.
Psychodynamic Therapy
- This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 1800’s and has then become a significant theory in the history of criminality (Siegel, 2005).
- The theory is a three-part structure consisting of the id, the ego and the super ego.
- The id is considered the underdeveloped of primitive part of our markup. It controls our need for food, sleep and other basic instinct. This part is purely focused on instant gratification.
- The ego controls the id by setting up boundaries.
- The superego is the change of judging the situation through morality (Siegel, 2005)
Psychosurgery
Brain surgery to control behavior has rarely been applied to criminal behavior. Certainly much more common between the 1930’s to the late 1970’s there were over 40,000 frontal lobotomies performed. Lobotomies were used to treat a wide range of problems from depression, to schizophrenia.
Today the lobotomy has fallen out of favour due medications used to control behavior, although some view the use of medications as equivalent to a lobotomy (e.g., see Breggin, 2008).
Psychosurgery appears to be an option that will most likely not be put into use due to the stigma associated with it.
Chemical methods of control
- The use of pharmacological treatments to try to control crime has been on going in two major areas:
- Chemical castration for sex offenders and Pharmacological Interventions for drug or alcohol addicts.
- Sometimes mentally ill people in the criminal justice system been ordered to take medications to treat their mental illness.
- Other pharmacological interventions to control crime seem plausible and are being investigated, but do not appear to have been widely used.
Others Methods
- Deep brain stimulation is used for some disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, but has yet been investigated for criminal behavior.
- Biological theorists have advocated changes in diet to deal with criminality (Burton, 2002) and better relations between parents.
- There is also the famous genetic XYY combination that was once thought to be a marker for a criminal type, but as it turned out these individuals were found to be less intelligent or more likely to have learning difficulties as opposed to being criminal types.
Principles to remember
We Have Strong Tendencies To Pay Special Attention To Negative Information And At The Same Time, Powerful Tendencies To Expect Things To Turn Out Well. Beware Of Both Because They Can Generate Serious Errors In Social Thoughts.
